Lieutenant S. C. Jones. Page 4 in his memoir Reminiscences of the Twenty-Second Iowa Volunteer Infantry, 1907 https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesoft02jone

Page 4

Life in Camp: Letters, Diaries, and Memoirs

For the men who volunteered and trained in one of the Camp Pope Regiments, life in camp was hard work mixed with eager anticipation for participation, anxiety for a variety of reasons, and for some even boredom. We know about life at Camp Pope from a number of sources, including first hand accounts from contemporary newspapers, official records and the letters from soldiers wrote home, soldiers’ diaries and a few men wrote down their thoughts decades later in their memoirs. Their thoughts provide a way to explore the camp as it was in 1862.

John Myers 

John Myers mustered into the army as a corporal and was assigned to Company F, Twenty-Eighth Iowa on September 15, 1862. His residence was listed as Toledo in official military records, but Toledo is the post office for Crystal Township where he was living on his parent’s farm in 1860. John had married his wife Cecelia and they had an infant son named Eddie by the time he enlisted. John wrote letters to Cecelia that are at the University of Iowa Special Collections and Archives. John was a religious man and held a dim view of many of his fellow soldiers. He had grown tired of camp and said the others were getting “devilish.” Local newspapers reported that the men had made merry with their first payments. John wrote that some of the men went into town where they became inebriated and tore apart a whisky shop. They then fought the officers who went to retrieve them who were obliged to force them back to camp at the point of a bayonet. Myers also noted that about 20 men had deserted and he was ordered to go retrieve some of them, something which he seems to have been called on often to do. There was one man who had left camp without permission, became inebriated and then went to the train station to wait for a train. It took Myers and two men to bring him back to camp. John also noted how much he missed his wife and baby son Eddie and also his father and asked for Cecelia to please send letters letting him know she had gotten back from her visit to Iowa City safely and to share the letter with his father. He also said she could continue to write to him addressed to the camp and the letters would be forwarded to his duty station. On the last page of his letter, John wrote, “I hope we will have a fine time of it but I am thinking that in less than six months some of them will wish they could have stayed in Camp Pope.” In a subsequent letter he addresses Cecilia as “woman and companion,” a sign of his devotion. ¹²

John was wounded slightly at the Battle of Port Gibson on May 1, 1863. Over the summer of 1863 he wrote that he had been promoted to orderly sergeant, the highest ranking non-commissioned officer, and assigned to the 11th Louisiana, African Descent, United States Colored Troops. The United States Army kept the Black soldiers segregated in a separate army that was commanded by white officers. The regiment had just won a major victory at Milliken’s Bend. On June 30 he was promoted to brevet second lieutenant, Company F in that regiment. He was assigned to recruiting men for the regiment during which he became ill with what he described as the “chillfever” and returned to Millikin’s Bend near Vicksburg to recover. Although John told Cecilia he was feeling better in his last letter, he died shortly after writing to her. The Toledo newspaper The Iowa Transcript stated he died of typhoid on the hospital steamboat R.C. Wood on August 14. Typhus, typhoid, and malaria were all too common in the lowlands of Mississippi. ¹³

Exterior of the U.S. Hospital steamer City of Louisiana, renamed the R.C. Wood in 1863. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C, digital file number LC-DIG-ppmsca-71979 https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.71979 

Interior of the U.S. Hospital steamer City of Louisiana, renamed the R.C. Wood in 1863. Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C, digital file number LC-DIG-ppmsca-71981 https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.71981 

William P. Marvin 

William Perry Marvin was born in Ohio and was working there as a carpenter in 1850. In the next decade he moved to Green Township in Iowa County where he was farming in 1860. At the age of 30, he enlisted in Company I of the Twenty-Second Iowa and rendezvoused at Camp Pope. He left behind his wife Harriet and a four-year old son named Charles. ¹⁴ 

The State Historical Society has several typescript transcriptions of letters from William to his brother and sister. William wrote from Camp Pope on Saturday, September 13, 1862 to tell them they had received orders. They were to prepare six days rations and be ready to move within an hour’s notice. He said 14 extra cars were ordered for the train the next day. He expected they would leave before Monday morning. He had gotten leave to go into Iowa City to have a photo taken of him in his uniform for his son Charles. He wrote that he had an acquaintance in town who could take the photo back for him. Later, he wrote from Benton Barracks, located on the St. Louis Fairground, saying he found the barracks more comfortable than those at Camp Pope, but the water was bad and he thought it was because it came from the Mississippi River. He blamed the water for causing him diarrhea. He sagely predicted the hard life of soldering, the heavy packs and bad conditions, would kill more than “the sword and bullet.” Later still, he expressed his approval of the men in command of his company and regiment but disliked how formerly enslaved people were treated compared to the white soldiers while in camp. 

William was one of twelve men who was killed at Vicksburg in the initial attempt to take the heavily fortified town by force. He died in the attack on the Railroad Redoubt, also known as Fort Beauregard on May 22, 1863. He had entered the fort as one of 12 men who tried to capture and secure it. All but two of the twelve men who entered the fort were killed or captured. Many others were killed on the way up the hill or trying to scale the parapet. As the men held the fort a constant reign of bullets and shells fell on them. The Iowa Adjutant General stated, “They obeyed orders, the highest duty of soldiers, without questioning the wisdom or unwisdom of the officers high in command.” More is said about this assault in the section on the Twenty-Second Iowa regiment. A photo, likely the one he had taken in Iowa City, can be viewed on Ancestry’s Find-A-Grave website. ¹⁵

Lycurgus and George Remley 

Lycurgus and George Remley were brothers from a family who had emigrated from Virginia to a farm near Oxford, Iowa in 1855. Their father, James, was an abolitionist preacher and school teacher whose outspoken views led him to leave Virginia while Lycurgus was in college. The senior Remley believed holding people as private property was contradicted by his Christian faith. Lycurgus spoke with the same enthusiasm as his father while enrolled at the Loudon Technical Institute. His speeches were met with broad disapproval and as a result of the controversy Lycurgus was dismissed from the school. He relocated to Johnson County where the other members of the family had settled. Lycurgus attended the University of Iowa as did George after him. George was a student at the university when he enlisted in the Iowa militia. The brothers both wrote a number of letters from Iowa City and then Camp Pope between August 21 and September 16, 1862. Julie Holcomb transcribed their letters in her book, Southern Sons, Northern Soldiers. Lycurgus was 22, and George was 20. ¹⁶ 

Lycurgus and George were staying at rooming houses in Iowa City before going into quarters at the camp. They had been told nothing would happen at the camp until the following Monday, August 25. They boarded first at the American House and then switched to the Burlington House downtown because the food was better there. Lycurgus was appointed 3rd Sergeant. He was to be paid $17 per month. The two entered Camp Pope on Monday morning, August 25. On Tuesday, George was given leave of absence for two hours. He wrote that he went to “Mr. Oak’s” to write a letter to his father. This was likely the home of Nicholas Oakes, who built a house in 1856 that is now in the 1100 block of East Court Street. He ran a brickworks north of the camp along what is now Maple Street and the flat area north of Longfellow Elementary, formerly known as Schrader Field, was the quarry where clay was excavated to make brick and drainage tile. George noted they had gone to two church services and Sunday School that week. George spent some time describing a night the past week he had spent at Dr. Silas Totten’s home. Totten was an ordained minister and a lawyer, and it seems he was an acquaintance of fellow cleric James Remley, though of different political and moral foundations. George said he had learned that Totten had resigned from the University, though it isn’t clear if George didn’t understand why or preferred not to state the reason in a letter. George went on to say he heard that Oliver M. Spencer also tried to resign but his resignation was not accepted. Instead he was offered to be the next President on a one-year appointment. Another faculty member that George mentioned in his letter as “Griffin” was also dismissed. Julie Holcomb notes that it is possible this man was actually E. M. Guffin, the principal of the Preparatory Department from 1856–1861. It is clear these are the resignations and dismissals associated with members of the faculty who had vocally supported the people of the South and their claims to states rights and slavery. Silas Totten resigned on August 19, 1862 after his son Richard publicly denounced the Northern Unionist cause and was forced to flee from an angry crowd. He escaped physically unharmed, but as noted, his father was forced to resign and the family left Iowa shortly after. George added that Theodore S. Parvin “turned Republican and kept his place.” Parvin, it can be noted, had been the private secretary for Robert Lucas when he was the first governor of the Iowa Territory. Lucas was a lifelong Democrat, but Parvin was able to win support for appointed office from both Democrats and Republicans in the Iowa Legislature, such as when he was elected to maintain the register of the state land office in 1857. He was nominated for the position by Democrats but still was appointed even with an unprecedented Republican majority that year. He was appointed professor of the Academic Department and temporary principal of the Preparatory Department in the major reshuffling of University faculty due solely to politics. ¹⁷

George thought many of the men were quite profane. He stated he had heard more swearing in the two days he just spent in camp than in two or three years at home. The first days of camp life were tiring for George because the nearly hundred men in the barracks didn’t want to sleep. Instead they stayed up late talking. George said they had been mustered into US service, but had not received much in the way of equipment. They had no blankets, guns, or uniforms, but he expected them to arrive soon. They were expecting to leave at the beginning of the next week for Camp Benton, or Benton Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri. He said he intended to go home to see his folks before they departed to Missouri. He said Governor Kirkwood had been at the camp on Monday and he and the captains held a caucus where the men decided all of Johnson County would be in the Twenty-Second regiment. Kirkwood’s desire for a full regiment from Johnson County didn’t transpire and some companies of Johnson County volunteers were in other regiments, such as Company E of the Twenty_Eighth Iowa. In a charming extra detail, George mentions he was writing with a pencil because Mr. Oakes’ pens were locked away while he was away from his home. Lycurgus wrote at the end of George’s letter that he would soon be leading drills for his company. He mentions drilling he had done in Chicago, which Julie Holcomb suggests was where he attended university while the Academic Department of the University of Iowa was shuttered for two years during 1858 and 1859 as a cost saving measure. He told his folks they knew everyone in his mess except two men, one of whom was the drummer. ¹⁸

On Tuesday, September 16, 1862, George wrote saying the camp had been full of excitement. The men had been ordered during dress parade the previous evening to be ready to march with an hour’s warning. They had everything packed and were ready to go. He said the sooner they were on their way the better the regiment would like it. Captain Alfred B. Cree had said he expected the order to move would come the next day. Young-minded George was more circumspect about the timing and in his own judgment thought tomorrow or even the next day, so they, his folks, should come right away to see them. He says he left a pair of socks and a shirt at Mr. Oakes and then he mentions a polyglot bible he bought to carry with him and leaving an older one, probably a more special one, with Mr. Oakes. He mentions Lycurgus had subscribed to the Iowa City Republican for six months and he and H. W. Harrison had subscribed to the Christian Times, also for six months. He and several others got passes on Sunday to go to “Sunday School & preaching,” and had what he expected to be his last communion for some time. The next time he wrote was from Benton Barracks. The letters of the two Remley brothers while in federal service follow the rest of their lives on Earth. Lycurgus died of disease in camp at Vicksburg and George was killed at the Battle of Opequon, or Third Winchester, that took place near Winchester, Virginia. Adjutant Samuel D. Pryce noted in his official report that, “Sergeant Major George C. Remley, as noble as he was brave, was pierced with three balls and fell dead.”¹⁹

Taylor Pierce 

Taylor Pierce was a man of wide-ranging abilities. His life experiences are described along with transcribed letters between him and his wife Catherine in Richard Kiper’s book Dear Catherine, Dear Taylor. Taylor’s ability to pick up new skills seems to have allowed him to do anything he set his mind to. Taylor had a number of occupations throughout his life due to circumstances beyond his control but he also appears to have enjoyed new experiences more than stability and routine. He was a cattle drover in Ohio but when he and his wife Catherine fell upon financial difficulties, he came west to the Iowa Territory as a trader to the Meskwaki and Sauk Nations in the vicinity of Fort Des Moines at the fork of the Racoon and Des Moines Rivers. The fort was commissioned in 1843. His services there were no longer necessary after their final land cession in 1845, a year before Iowa became a state. Taylor next was a farm and mill manager at Parkersburg before January 1850. Taylor and Catherine were farming in Jasper County near to his brother-in-law and sister in 1852. Taylor was recorded as a commercial laborer with a fair amount of wealth in the 1860 federal census. His obituary states he ran a saw mill near Colfax prior to going to Iowa City to join the Twenty-Second Iowa. ²⁰ 

Taylor enlisted on August 2, 1862 and was enrolled in Company C, which mostly consisted of men from Jasper County. The average age of men in Civil War companies was 25. He was 40. All but two men in company C were immigrants to Iowa from the east. Most were from Ohio, some from Indiana, and a few from Pennsylvania. The rest were from a wide range of states including Virginia, New York, Missouri, New Jersey, Illinois, Wisconsin, Tennessee, New Hampshire, Maine, Maryland, Kentucky, and Michigan. Four were foreign nationals, two from Germany, one from Canada, and one from England. Catherine and Taylor appear to have been raised in Pennsylvania in the traditions of the Society of Friends, known by those outside the faith as Quakers, but Taylor didn’t like organized religion and Catherine attended Methodist Church services. Richard Kiper attributed Taylor’s archaic language style to this upbringing and his older dialect was attributed to the Friends faith. Taylor wrote that he liked William Stone and Harvey Graham saying that Graham worked hard to keep the men comfortable. Even so he was fatigued from drilling. Taylor was mustered into federal service at the rank of third sergeant on September 9. He rose to the rank of orderly sergeant, also known as sergeant major in which position he assisted the adjutant. Taylor received an enlistment bonus of $25. Despite this, he had a debt to the government of about $24 for clothing in July 1865 when he mustered out. ²¹

Samuel “S. C.” Jones 

Samuel Calvin Jones was farming with his father in Liberty Township, Johnson County when he joined up in 1862. He was a native of Pennsylvania. In addition to farming, his father was a Welsh Congregational Minister. Less is known about his mother Mary Pryce. She was born in Pennsylvania and was a sibling of Samuel D. Pryce, discussed later. Samuel Jones kept a diary to record his wartime experiences and he used it to write a memoir he self-published as S. C. Jones in 1907 titled Reminiscences of the Twenty-Second Iowa Volunteer Infantry. He enlisted on June 16 and was assigned the rank of corporal. When he mustered in on August 22, he was promoted to first sergeant, in part because John Garrett was promoted from Lieutenant Colonel of the Twenty-Second to Colonel of the 40th Iowa and Harvey Graham, a sergeant, was promoted to major of the Twenty-Second, leaving a gap in the officers’ ranks. Samuel’s accounts are full of hardships of many kinds, including a sore foot and swollen ankle that bothered him severely after his time in Confederate prisons and a long forced march soon after he was captured. He had little to eat and weeks of freezing weather with little heat while imprisoned. There are occasional moments of triumphant joy in his accounts. He was luckier than most and went on to serve as an officer in the Twenty-Second Iowa Regiment Association. ²² 

S. C. Jones recorded that they were mustered into service on September 9th for a term of three years or the end of the war. Daily activities including drills and the men also stood guard duty keeping the townsfolk out of the camp. The day came when they were issued their weapon and uniforms and related “accouterments” that included leather collars and epaulets. He complained the uniforms rarely fit the person they were given to, creating a motley appearance. The men found their pants needed to be rolled up, their sleeves billowed out, and some had to stuff their hats with paper to be able to see while wearing them. But soon they learned to hem up their pants and take in the seams. They could change the orientation of pockets and patch the knees as they wore out. He thought the tailoring abilities and creative methods to extend the life of the uniforms they learned helped the men look more genteel. ²³

S. C. Jones’ superior officers thought he had the ability to take on additional responsibilities and promoted him to first lieutenant on February 27, 1863. He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Opequon or Third Winchester on September 19, 1864 and held in prisons in Virginia and North Carolina, attempting to escape once. He was paroled on February 22, 1865 and went, in his own words, from “want and cruelty, starvation and neglect, misery and pain to freedom and plenty, sunshine and home.” S. C. was furloughed at home in Iowa during his recovery. He then returned to duty on April 15 and was officially mustered out on July 25 at Savannah, Georgia. ²⁴

Jacob Switzer 

Jacob Switzer was living on his parents’ farm in Johnson County when he enlisted. He was born in Maryland in 1843. He wrote a memoir of his time in the Twenty-Second Iowa later in life but before he died in 1914. Jacob’s memoir wasn’t published until Mildred Throne edited it for the Iowa Journal of History in 1957. Jacob described the day he had come into town to enlist. Soon after finding officers in uniform downtown, the 19-year old was rushed to Malcom Murray’s law office on the second floor of an old wooden building at 123 Washington Street to be mustered in as a private and assigned to Company A. The law office was replaced by a new building occupied by Lee & Riess Bookstore late in the nineteenth century. The approximate area is occupied by a Target department store in 2026. Switzer recalled that the younger boys from Iowa City would try to sell homemade candy, fruits and pies to the recruits. Switzer recalled standing guard and turning them back at the entrance to the camp. Girlfriends would also stop by to talk to some of the soldiers in camp. One day the women and girls from Iowa City provided a picnic on the edge of camp. When the uniforms and weapons were issued, they began formal drills. Jacob recalled the military parade at the end of training drew large crowds from town. ²⁵ 

Then came the day they loaded the train, boarded it themselves, and were carried to Davenport. From there they went by the Mississippi River to St. Louis before being stationed at Rolla for the winter. Switzer was wounded severely at the Battle of Opequon or Third Winchester on September 19, 1864. His right leg was amputated. Surprisingly, perhaps as a kindness, he was not discharged for disability until October after he had recuperated. He went on to serve in elected office as Clerk of Johnson County, running as a Republican in 1872, and working as the assistant cashier and then head cashier for the Iowa City State Bank, later Iowa State Bank. He married and they purchased Plum Grove. As an officer for the Twenty-Second Iowa Regiment Association, Jacob hosted at least one reunion of Company A of the Twenty-Second Iowa at the house and farm. ²⁶ 

Samuel Pryce

Samuel David Pryce was a school teacher from Sharon Township, Johnson County who had come to Iowa City to attend the University of Iowa but instead enlisted as a fifer and then was promoted to an orderly sergeant who assisted the regimental adjutant. He later became the adjutant of the Twenty-Second Iowa and also served as an assistant to a brigade commander. In his position as adjutant, Samuel was in charge of all official records that would be used by the senior officer to make official reports. He also filed a history of the regiment with the Iowa Adjutant General that was printed in 1865. ²⁷ 

Samuel began a very different type of manuscript of his recollections of the war during the second half of his life. He completed this around 1903 and vetted it with the remaining members of the Twenty-Second Iowa, who heartily approved of it. He didn’t publish it then but later went back to the manuscript at age 73 in 1914 and continued to revise his accounts until the time he died in 1923, never publishing the manuscript. During the interim, S. C. Jones published his own account and Jacob Switzer wrote down his own memoir that was not published before he or Samuel had died. Samuel may have spoken about his recollections with Switzer and Jones at the many reunion events for the Twenty-Second Regiment but if so, he chose to contradict some of the basic details the other men shared. This is discussed in the section on location and description of Camp Pope. Jeffry C. Burden prepared the long-awaited 2008 publication of Pryce’s accounts. ²⁸

In his memoirs, Samuel writes as a story teller with a high degree of romanticism but less objectivity than his role of adjutant of the Twenty-Second Iowa would have required. In Burden’s edited publication of Pryce’s manuscript, he notes that the official records appear to be more accurate than the manuscript which is more philosophical in nature than the official report. Pryce’s official records were vandalized by retreating Confederate troops after the Confederate surprise attack overran the Twenty-Second’s camp at Cedar Creek. Following the counter charge and defeat of Jubal Early’s army that day, Pryce discovered his carefully written records had been crumpled, trampled, and strewn about the rural Virginia countryside. But it appears that he, along with the skilled help of his assistant Taylor Pierce, was able to reconstruct the records. Jeffery Burden notes that the official records appear to be more accurate than the manuscript which is more philosophical in nature than the official report liberally sprinkling in references to Christian themes, Greek mythology, and Arabic folktales. Samuel also seems to draw from broad personal literary experience. He cites Mark Twain, Herman Melville, Lewis Carol, Emily Bronte, and Alexandre Dumas’ The Three Musketeers. His writing style further adopts a storytelling stance. For example, he opens his text with the passage “Once again open the casket of the past—with its strife, its fever, and fret, its bloodshed and death, the indescribable and terrible past.” When writing of his fellow enlistees from Sharon township Samuel said these men were, “born with their hat plumes in the wind and their hands on the hilts of their swords, but a century too late. What soldiers of fortune they would have made in the old days of chivalry—the courtliest and bravest.” This passage strongly evokes brave cavaliers, perhaps even musketeers. Noting that only officers and mounted units had swords, the statement obviously was not intended to be factual. In his account of the countercharge during the Battle of Cedar Creek, Samuel recounted himself fighting with his staff officer’s sword in one hand and a brogue in the other. He said he took off the shoe to look after a blister. Philip Sheridan appeared suddenly and ordered the men to form up and initiate a counter charge. Samuel leaves the reader imagining him chasing Confederate soldiers back across Cedar Creek and up the Shenandoah Valley, attacking with the sword and defending with the shoe. In the much briefer history of the regiment he authored at the end of the war, no mention of this incident was made. At other times his writing appears to have moments where he satirizes aspects of the war, perhaps as a way of processing his memories of the lives lost. For example, he irreverently described the emotional state of the company on a march early in the regiment’s history as “Hope springs eternal in the human breast, like rag-weeds in the public highway.” He teasingly describes a number of informational signs he claims to have seen in southern Missouri on the long late winter march from Rolla to St. Genevieve via Iron Mountain. Comedically he said a road sign read “Take the left-hand road to Houston —If you can’t read—inquire at the black-smith shop.” An undertaker’s sign was impishly said to have read, “Koffins made hear. Try one. You Die—we do the rest.” Samuel also sardonically offered his opinions about the formalities of the military, stating that some of the uniforms were peacocky and the officers too classy. He seems to have thought the grim business of war was disguised with formal dress. He also sardonically commented that the Declaration of Independence was written “when liberty was proclaimed in the colonies—for white man.” ²⁹

_____

notes for page 4

12. John Myers to Cecelia Myers, October 20, 1862, John Myers to Cecelia Myers, November 26, 1862, John Myers to Cecelia Myers, July 24, 1863, Myers, John, 1838-1863, Civil War Collection, MsC0906, University of Iowa Special Collections and Archives (Return ↩)

13. Iowa Adjutant General’s Office, Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, volume 3, Des Moines: Emory H. English, 1910, page 1304, transcription at “Iowa in the Civil War,” IAGenWeb.org, 2026, https://iagenweb.org/civilwar/books/logan.htm, original copy at HathiTrust https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000452132; United States Census 1860, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M8L9-ZVW, Entry for S Myers and S Myers, 1860; John Myers to Cecelia Myers, July 24, 1862, Myers, John, 1838–1863, Civil War Collection MsC0906, University of Iowa Special Collections and Archives https://aspace.lib.uiowa.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/170177; Tadlock, Isaiah J. Remembering the Battle of Milliken’s Bend. Master of Arts (History), December, 2018, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas; Iowa Transcript (Toledo) January 21, 1864, page 1 (Return ↩)

14. “William Marvin,” US Census 1850 and “Wm Marvin,” US Census 1860 (Return ↩)

15. William Marvin to his brother and sister, September 13, 1862, September 13, 1862, November 4, 1862, William P. Marvin Civil War Letters 1862–1863, State Historical Society of Iowa, Manuscripts BL 330Folder 18; Iowa Adjutant General, Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, volume 3, 1910, page 565; “William Perry Marvin,” Find-A-Grave memorial 43950688, Ancestry https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/43950688/william_perry-marvin (Return ↩)

16. Julie Holcomb, editor, Southern Sons, Northern Soldiers, 2004, pages xi–xiii, 3–6; Harrison John Thornton, “The State University of Iowa and the Civil War”, Annals of Iowa, volume 30, number 3, 1950, page 200; Iowa Adjutant General, Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, volume 3, 1910, page 644 (Return ↩)

17. Nicholas Oakes, born Nicholas Ochs, lived in the house at 1142 East Court Street; Theodore A. Wanerus, “Presidents of the University,” Iowa Alumnus, volume 9, 1911–1912, page 105 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2872127&seq=9. Harrison John Thornton, “The State University of Iowa and the Civil War,” Annals of Iowa, volume 30, number 3, 1950, page 205 https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.7096; David McCartney, “Old Gold: Silas Totten, embattled Civil War-era SUI president,“ Iowa Now, 2012 https://now.uiowa.edu/news/2012/09/old-gold-silas-totten-embattled-civil-war-era-sui-president; “Hon. Theodore S. Parvin”, Annals of Iowa, volume 10, number 2, 1872, page 154 https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.11798; Charles Aldrich, C., “Theodore S. Parvin”, Annals of Iowa, volume 5, number 3, 1901, page 202. https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.2736; “State University,” State Democratic Press (Iowa City), August 30th, 1862, page 2. In the same issue, unknown persons also nominated Parvin for a position on the Board of Trustees of the State University after he had accepted his appointments in the University, which he promptly declined on the grounds of conflict of interest. https://iowacity.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?ord=k1&fn=state_democratic_press_usa_iowa_iowa_city_18620830_english_2&df=1&dt=3&cid=2702 (Return ↩)

18. Julie Holcomb, editor, Southern Sons, Northern Soldiers, 2004, pages 4, 5 (Return ↩)

19. Iowa Adjutant General, “Twenty-Second Regiment, History of the Regiment, Report of the Adjutant General and Acting Quartermaster General of the State of Iowa, “Appendix”, volume 2, Des Moines: F. W. Palmer, 1865, page 1137 https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008885770 (Return ↩)

20. Richard L. Kiper, editor, Dear Catharine, Dear Taylor, 2002, pages 1–3, 7, 17
(Return ↩)

21. Richard L. Kiper, editor, Dear Catharine, Dear Taylor, 2002, page 24; Iowa Adjutant General, Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, volume 3, 1910, page 638 (Return ↩)

22. “M. M. Jones,” United States, Census 1860, FamilySearch https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M828-L77; Iowa Adjutant General’s Office, Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, volume 3, 1910, page 618; [Samuel Calvin] Jones, Reminiscences of the Twenty-Second Iowa Volunteer Infantry, 1907, pages 8, 92, 97, 116, 101, 103, 114, 115, 141 https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesoft02jone (Return ↩)

23. [Samuel Calvin] Jones, Reminiscences, 1907, pages 8–9 (Return ↩)

24. [Samuel Calvin] Jones, Reminiscences, 1907, pages 22, 92, 94, 98, 115, 116, 120, 123, 126, 133; Iowa Adjutant General’s Office, Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, volume 3, 1910, page 618 (Return ↩)

25. Mildred Throne, “Document: Reminiscences of Jacob C. Switzer of the 22nd lowa”,Iowa Journal of History, volume 55, number 4, 1957, pages 321–322 https://doi.org/10.17077/0148-5695.33528 (Return ↩)

26. Iowa City Daily Republican, September 9th, 1890, page 4; [Clarence] Ray Aurner, Leading Events in Johnson County, Iowa History, volume 1, 1912, pages 451, 455, 629; Iowa City Weekly Republican, September 25th, 1872, page 2; Iowa State Press (Iowa City), September 17th, 1890, page 3; Iowa City Daily Citizen, July 29th, 1903, page 1; Mildred Throne, “Document: Reminiscences of Jacob C. Switzer,” 1957, page 319; Iowa City Weekly Republican, September 25th, 1872, page 2 (Return ↩)

27. Jeffry Burden, editor, Samuel D. Pryce, Vanishing Footprints: The Twenty-Second Iowa Volunteer Infantry in The Civil War, Iowa City: Camp Pope Bookshop, 2008, pages xi-xii; xv, 47; Iowa Adjutant General, “Twenty-Second Regiment, History of the Regiment,” Report of the Adjutant General and Acting Quartermaster General of the State of Iowa, January 11 1864 to January 1, 1865, volume 2, Des Moines: F. W. Palmer, 1865, pages 1124–1141 https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008885770 (Return ↩)

28. Jeffry Burden, editor, Samuel D. Pryce, Vanishing Footprints, 2008, page xi (Return ↩)

29. Jeffry Burden, editor, Samuel D. Pryce, Vanishing Footprints, 2008, pages 19, 47, 60, 68, 70 71, 82 96 (note 9), 205, 209, As a caution, readers should be prepared for occasional racists comments and descriptions; Iowa Adjutant General, “Twenty-Second Regiment, History of the Regiment,” Report of the Adjutant General and Acting Quartermaster General of the State of Iowa, January 11 1864 to January 1, 1865, volume 2, 1865, pages 1139–1140 (Return ↩)